General Surgery

An appendicectomy (or appendectomy) is the surgical removal of the vermiform appendix. This procedure is normally performed as an emergency procedure, when the patient is suffering from acute appendicitis

In general terms, the procedure for an open appendicectomy is as follows.

Antibiotics are given immediately if there are signs of sepsis, otherwise a single dose of prophylactic intravenous antibiotics is given immediately prior to surgery.

General anaesthesia is induced, with endotracheal intubation and full muscle relaxation, and the patient is positioned supine.

The abdomen is prepared and draped and is examined under anesthesia. If a mass is present, the incision is made over the mass;[citation needed] otherwise, the incision is made over McBurney's point, one third of the way from the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and the umbilicus; this represents the position of the base of the appendix (the position of the tip is variable). The various layers of the abdominal wall are then opened. The effort is always to preserve the integrity of abdominal wall. Therefore, the External Oblique Aponeurosis is slitted along its fiber, and the internal oblique muscle is split along its length, not cut. As the two run at right angles to each other, this prevents later Incisional hernia.

On entering the peritoneum, the appendix is identified, mobilized and then ligated and divided at its base. Each layer of the abdominal wall is then closed in turn.

Cholecystectomy is the surgical removal of the gallbladder. Despite the development of non-surgical techniques, it is the most common method for treating symptomatic gallstones, although there are other indications for the procedure, including carcinoma.

Traditional open cholecystectomy is a major abdominal surgery in which the surgeon removes the gallbladder through a 4- to 7-inch (10 to 18 cm) incision. Patients usually remain in the hospital over night and may require several additional weeks to recover at home. It will take minimum 7 to 15 day to complete the treatment